Research in the neurosciences, especially, is expected to revolutionize the treatment of mental disorders. Moreover, the data presented in the article are entirely in the form of clinical studies of runners who manifest addictive behavior with regard to running. Kety, S. S. Its not all in your head. Let us consider in terms of this criterion the use of state-dependent biochemistry to account for the behavior of the isolated rats and the beleaguered GIs. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); REDUCTIONISM: "Reductionism strives to prove that psychological processes are simply a product of biological functions. Required fields are marked *. British Columbia Medical Journal, 1980,22, 54-56. Chemistry of pain begins to emerge. In J. T. Cacioppo & G. G. Berntson (Eds. Blau, T. Torque and schizophrenic vulnerability: As the world turns. They may, however, continue to welcome a treatment that removes their feelings of depression without giving them the ability to modify the social and personal factors that contribute to these feelings. It is based on the discovery that animals which are not able to influence whether or not they receive noxious stimuli react by withdrawing. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1980. Arieti, S., & Bemporad, J. Many of the discussions that take place within psychology are not, technically, psychological discussions, but rather philosophical. 31-36. The hallmark of the disorder is an extreme intolerance of personal rejection, with a particular vulnerability to loss of romantic attachment (Liebowitz & Klein, 1979, p. 555). . Human Nature, July 1978, pp. Medicine for the eighties: Better living through chemistry. American Psychologist, 1978,33, 405-418. Yet at least some doctors and patientsincluding the woman whose case was introduced earlierwould not feel that this step was necessary and would be supported in their belief by the new brain-behavior hypotheses. How to identify the biological processes on which the intelligence of each person exists? Indications that the American Psychological Association as an organization is increasingly supportive of reductionist approaches comes from the APA Master Lecture Series. Psychology is not applied biology nor is biology applied chemistry." Disciplines such as cybernetics and systems . The promise of new analgesics that will be synthesized along the lines of endorphins, but that will not be addictive because they derive from chemical compounds which occur naturally, in the body (cf. The Greenfeld account holds out the hope that biology will succeed where psychology has failed. When this occurs, psychology and psychiatry will be subsumed by the field Restak calls psychobiology. 1; 3. Reductionism is an approach that is used in many disciplines, including psychology, that is centered on the belief that we can best explain something by breaking it down into its individual parts. Both have disadvantages and advantages that will be evaluated in this article. This resolution of the respective domains of the biological and the social sciences has much appeal. Inconsistencies in the work of Schachter, Pomerleau, Garmezy, and others are a sign that reductionist approaches have not been well integrated with existing knowledge in psychology, including often the research of such psychologists themselves. He may still say about smokers who do not conform to this pure model that their behavior can be understood in terms of such notions as self-control, concern with health, restraints, and so on (Schachter, 1978, p. 111), yet he no longer sees any reason to introduce such variables as self-labeling, social influence, or other social or cognitive factors into his model. The women who are typically the patients in these cases also ideally undergo psychotherapy to increase their awareness of the patterns their relationships follow. Pharmacological accounts have typically ignored the finding from field studies of narcotics use that many people who take in substantial amounts of narcotics do not become addicted (cf. Both psychologists have written about addiction; both attempt to expand what has been a pharmacological concept to areas of behavior other than those involving drug use. Alexander, B. K., Coambs, R. B., & Hadaway, P. F. The effect of housing and gender on morphine self-administration in rats. spend much of their time seeking approval . In L. Berkowitz (Ed. It is not yet possible to assess the effects of the large-scale use of antidepressant drugs in our society.1It is instructive, however, to consider the case of tranquilizers as an example of a mood-altering treatment that has often been employed without attention to the conditions in the persons life that led him or her to need medication. New York Times, June 26, 1979, Part 3, pp. Hysteroid dysphoria is characterized by repeated episodes of abruptly depressed mood in response to feeling rejected. ),The pharmacological basis of therapeutics(5th ed.). Schizophrenia; Vast effort focuses on four areas. The most basic scientific goal in accounting for a class of behavior is that the account accurately describe the behavior and the data that have been accumulated about it. Your email address will not be published. People who have learned that they cannot influence their environment in significant ways develop a similar response, which in humans is often labeled depression. That is why the reductionism should only be taken as a tool, and not as a philosophy that allows to generate simple explanations about facts that are not. Our faith that a malady exists at a given level affects how we respond to it. Theory reductionism: the suggestion that a newer theory does not replace or absorb an older one, but reduces it to more basic terms. It is under such circumstancescircumstances not different from those surrounding the use of antidepressantsthat the bodily readjustments brought about when drug use is halted are experienced as pathological withdrawal (Peele, 1979). Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Thus pharmacological theories of addiction that have focused on the addictive characteristics of various drugs have not been able to deal with the diversity of usage patterns found with these drugs. Psychological Reductionism New York, January 28, 1980, pp. In fact, the most abstract definitions of this characteristic already hint at why it is difficult to limit it to a definition: it is the ability to adapt quickly and efficiently to new problems. The two models most often used to account for the more common appearance of depression in women are social psychological in that both relate social factors to the observed sex-linked psychological differences. New York: Harper & Row, 1979. New York: Brunner/Mazel, in press. According to this thinking, personality variables, and even the effects on the individual of different social and cultural milieux, should be mirrored by neurological differences. Related Practice. It was therefore a significant research advance when government-sponsored investigations of drug use among soldiers in Vietnam led to the study of more representative populations of narcotics users. In addition, from reductionism it is assumed that the connection between these pieces and the properties that these pieces express is less debatable than the relationship between the system as a whole and the properties it has, so the general arises from the individual and never The opposite happens. The powers of psychiatry. In particular, instances have been publicized in which prominent people have become addicted to Valium and other sedatives or tranquilizers that were prescribed to them by doctors (see Gordon, 1979). A means of identifying a particular phenomenon by declaring that, once adequately comprehended, it can be demonstrated to be a different phenomenon, wherein the secondary phenomenon appears to be less complicated, more fundamental, or more elementary. But its hard to leave out the exclamation points when you are talking about a veritable philosophers stonea group of substances that hold out the promise of alleviating, or even eliminating, such age-old medical bugaboos as pain, drug addiction, and, among other mental illnesses, schizophrenia. Instead of developing adequate psychological resources, the person comes to rely on the drug to ensure a sense of well-being. 38-45. Yet the theoretical questions the statement raises are substantial. If this explanation were to describe well the logic of the biology behind intelligence, would previous research have detected it? Is there a recipe for happiness? Once again the data present insurmountable difficulties to biochemical models that focus exclusively on pharmacological properties of drugs or even those that incorporate hypothetical variations in the constitutions of individual organisms. Blum, R. H., & Blum, E. M. A cultural case study. - 5.196.112.150. 28-32. Saturday Review, March 5, 1977, pp. By making this adjustment in thinking, it becomes possible to propose that under stressful circumstances the organism requires a higher endorphin level and will thus be susceptible to narcotic addiction as an artificial way of attaining this level. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Could these personality traits in the addict also be accounted for by a deficiency in endorphinsor by some other biological means? Greenfeld notes that psychodynamic theories have not led to demonstrably effective treatment and that what is called autism actually represents a variety of childhood syndromes. Eddy, N B., Halbach, H., Isbell, H, & Seevers, M. H. Drug dependence: Its significance and characteristics,Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1965,32, 721-733. especially of a romantic nature, to which they respond with elevation of mood and energy. Currently the type of reductionism that is of most interest in psychology claims that all behaviours should be reducible to biology (Oppenheim & Putnam, 1958; Peele, 1981), meaning that most mental phenomena (consciousness) are equated with biological phenomena. Snyder, S. H. Opiate receptors and internal opiates. Garmezy, N.Vulnerable and invulnerable children: Theory, research, and intervention. At least as reasonable a conclusion from the two cases is that there are psychological keys to autism and its cure whose nature has eluded us. [any] proposed definition and criteria for medical and mental disorder is simply that it is useful (Spitzer & Endicott, 1978, p. 37). This explanation sounds very natural and convincing , with which it can be taken as an objective fact alien to philosophy, but in reality it is far from explaining the neurobiological basis of intelligence. Although we cannot expect such definitive indications of the validity of psychological theories, we do look to success in treatment as a sign of their worth. Reductionism denotes the theory that every complex phenomenon, especially in biology or psychology, can be explained by analyzing the simplest, most basic physical mechanisms that are in. Schachter, S. Some extraordinary facts about obese humans and rats. 15 questions about your life to know what you want, Collective unconscious: what it is and how it was defined by Carl Jung. Behavioral Medicine Update, 1980,2(1), 22-26. This society is vaguely hinted to have been brought about through political repression. The term is mainly applied to positions that attempt to explain human culture, society, or psychology in terms of animal behavior or physical laws. Lecture Series not able to influence whether or not they receive noxious stimuli react by withdrawing not receive... 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